Possessive, Gerund, Infinitive, Affirmative and Negatif Agreement
1.
Possessive Adjectives
Possessive
adjectives are used to show possession or ownership of something. While we use
them when we refer to people, it is more in the sense of relationship than
ownership.
The possessive adjectives in
English are as follows:
|
Subject
|
Possessive
Adjective
|
|
I
|
My
|
|
You
|
Your
|
|
He
|
His
|
|
She
|
Her
|
|
It
|
Its
|
|
We
|
Our
|
|
You (pl)
|
Your
|
|
They
|
Their
|
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns include my, mine,
our, ours, its, his, her, hers, their, theirs, your, yours, whose, and one's -
all words that demonstrate ownership.
|
Number
|
Person
|
Personal Pronoun
|
Number
|
Person
|
Possessive Adjective
|
|
Subjective
|
Object.
|
Possessive
|
|
Singular
|
1st
|
I
|
me
|
mine
|
Singular or Plural
|
1st
|
my
|
|
2nd
|
you
|
you
|
yours
|
2nd
|
your
|
|
3rd
|
she, he, it
|
her, him, it
|
hers, his, its
|
3rd
|
her, his, its
|
|
Plural
|
1st
|
we
|
us
|
ours
|
1st
|
our
|
|
2nd
|
you
|
you
|
yours
|
2nd
|
your
|
|
3rd
|
they
|
them
|
theirs
|
3rd
|
their
|
|
Examples
of Possessive Pronoun
|
Examples
of Possessive Adjective
|
|
·
Mine is the biggest one.
·
The city
is mine.
|
·
My
house is the biggest
one.
·
The city
is my hometown.
|
|
·
Yours was sent yesterday.
·
Yours were sent yesterday.
·
Today
is yours.
|
·
Your letter was sent yesterday.
·
Your
letters were sent yesterday.
·
Today
is your day.
|
|
·
Hers is beautiful.
·
It is
not his.
·
I
like his.
|
·
Her skirt is beautiful.
·
It is
not his car.
·
I like his
car.
·
That puppy
wagged its tail.
|
|
·
Ours is on the table.
·
That
is ours.
·
They
found ours.
|
·
Our
key is on the
table.
·
That
is our class.
·
They found our
key.
|
|
·
Theirs are the official rules.
·
Some of the
good books are theirs.
|
·
Their rules are the official rules.
·
Some
are their own.
|
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive
pronouns are pronouns that refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause.
They either end in –self,
as in the singular form, or –selves as in the plural form.
|
reflexive
pronoun
|
singular
|
myself
yourself
himself, herself, itself
|
plural
|
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
|
Examples of Reflexive Pronouns :
I saw myself in the mirror.
Why do you blame yourself?
John sent himself a copy.
Mary sent herself a copy.
My dog hurt itself.
We blame ourselves.
Can you help yourselves?
They cannot look afterthemselves.
2. Gerund
a. as
the subject of the sentence:
·
Eating people is wrong.
·
Hunting tigers is dangerous.
·
Flying makes me nervous.
b. as
the complement of the verb 'to be':
·
One of his
duties is attending meetings.
·
The hardest
thing about learning English is understanding the gerund.
·
One of life's
pleasures is having breakfast in bed.
c. after prepositions. The
gerund must be used when a verb comes after a preposition:
·
Can you
sneeze without opening your mouth?
·
She is good
at painting.
·
They're keen
on windsurfing.
·
She avoided
him by walking on the opposite side of the road.
·
We arrived in
Madrid after driving all night.
·
My father
decided against postponing his trip to Hungary.
3. Infinitive
Recognize an infinitive when you see one.
To sneeze, to smash, to cry, to shriek, to jump, to dunk, to read, to eat, to slurp—all
of these are infinitives. An infinitive will almost always begin with to followed by the simple form of the verb, like this:
to + verb = infinitive
Examples
of infinitive :
Infinitive sebagai
kata benda (noun)
- To say is easy but to do is difficult.
- To
understand English is not an
easy job.
- To dry an ocean is nonsense.
Infinitive sebagai
kata sifat (adjective)
sebagai
kata keterangan (adverb)
4. Affirmative and Negative Agreement
|
SUBJECT+
|
Be+
|
…+
|
AND+
|
SO+
|
BE+
|
S
|
AFFIRMATIVE
AGREEMENT
They were surprised and so were we.
|
SUBJECT+
|
V
|
…+
|
AND+
|
SO+
|
DO+
|
S
|
My wife talked to him about it and so did
I.
NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
|
SUBJECT+
|
MODAL+VERB WORD
HAVE+PARTICIPLE
DO+VERB WORD
BE NOT+ ING FORM
|
+AND+
|
NEITHER+
|
MODAL
HAVE
DO
BE
|
+S
|
My roommate won’t go, and neither will I
My roommate hasn’t gone, and neither have I
My roommate doesn’t go, and neither do I
My roommate isn’t going and neither am I.
|
SUBJECT+
|
MODAL+VERB WORD
HAVE+PARTICIPLE
DO+VERB WORD
BE NOT+ ING FORM
|
+AND+
|
SUBJECT+
|
MODAL
HAVE
DO
BE
|
+EITHER
|
My roommate won't go and I won’t either.
My roommate hasn't gone and I haven’t either.
My roommate doesn’t go and I don’t either.
My roommate isn’t going and I’m not either.
Sumber :
- See more at:
http://www.english4dummies.com/affirmative-_negative_agreement_-_imperatives.html#sthash.NkRzG7Nv.dpuf
- http://www.google.com
- http://www.wikipedia.org
